INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and prolactin levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) according to the presence of oligomenorrhea.
METHODS: Women with PCOS who were admitted to an endocrinology outpatient clinic consecutively between January and December 2020 were enrolled in this study retrospectively. The age of the patients included in this study was between 18 and 40 years. Patients diagnosed with PCOS according to Rotterdam revised criteria. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were obtained from patients’ files.
RESULTS: A total of 301 women with PCOS were enrolled in this study. The mean prolactin levels were 20.0±8.5 ng/mL and 22.2±5.5 ng/mL in PCOS patients with and without oligomenorrhea (p=0.091). No significant differences in AMH levels were also found between the two groups 5.3 (5.2–5.4) versus 5.3 3 (5.0–6.0) ng/mL, respectively (p=0.798). AMH levels were positively correlated with prolactin and negatively with follicular-stimulating hormone in PCOS subjects (r=0.512, p<0.001, r=−0.155, p=0.007, respectively). The oligomenorrhea group demonstrated increased serum glucose and Vitamin D levels and platelet distribution width value and decreased glycated hemoglobin, estradiol, free testosterone, hemoglobin, and red cell distribution width values (p<0.001, p=0.017, p=0.018, p=0.001, p=0.008, p=0.027, p=0.001, and p=0.010, respectively). In addition, serum prolactin had a relationship between free testosterone and vitamin D levels (r=0.210, p<0.001; r=−0.123, p=0.320, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: AMH and prolactin levels did not differ in PCOS patients with and without oligomenorrhea.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of breast milk and breastfeeding, along with the associated factors, among reproductive-age women attending a family medicine unit.
METHODS: Conducted in Ataşehir, Istanbul, from April to January 2020, this cross-sectional study included women aged 18-49 registered at the unit. Participants completed a demographic information questionnaire and a 30-question survey on breastfeeding knowledge, using a 3-point Likert scale.
RESULTS: The study comprised 205 female participants, with the mean age of 33.7±8.65 years. The overall knowledge score was 71.8±17.1, with the highest score in the category of adequate breastfeeding duration (90.4±22.0). The breast milk general knowledge level score was lower in those with ≤ 8 years of education compared to those with 9-12 years and >12 years (64.8±16.9 for ≤ 8 years, 74.5±14.5 for 9-12 years, 74.3±17.6 for >12 years, p=0.001). Additionally, while the score was 74.2±17.3 for employed women, it was 68.8±16.5 for unemployed women (p=0.012).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: While knowledge about the benefits of breast milk and breastfeeding for babies is high, gaps exist in understanding the benefits for mothers and in correct breastfeeding techniques.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of emergency department admissions (EDA) and related factors in the last year among patients admitted to family health centers (FHC) with and without flexible working hours (FWH).
METHODS: This study was conducted in 6 regions in Turkey, 50 FHCs were selected for each study region by random sampling and the first nine patients who applied to the FHC were included in the study. Patients who applied to emergency department health services at least once for any health problem in the last year were considered to have EDA.
RESULTS: A total of 2605 patients were included in the study, and EDA was found in 1024 (39.3%) of the patients. EDA was detected in 246 (41.5%) patients with FHCs with FWH and 778 (36.7%) patients with FHCs without FWH (p=0.232). In addition, there was no significant difference between patients with and without FWH in the distance of the FHC from home, the frequency of making an appointment to see the FP, the ease of making an appointment, the waiting time after making the appointment, and the limitation of the working hours of the FHC (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It has been determined that the presence of FWH did not cause a difference in terms of EDA, and further studies are needed on the reasons for this.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to determine the effect of health beliefs and knowledge levels on cervical cancer screening.
METHODS: This is a cross-sectional-analytic study. It was carried out at Quran courses in the Sultanbeyli District of Istanbul between February 2019 and July 2019. All women aged between 18 and 65 who participated in the training and agreed to participate in the study were recruited. A sociodemographic and reproductive health information survey form and a test for detection of knowledge level, the “Cervical Cancer and Papanicolaou (PAP)-Smear Test Health Belief Model Scale” were applied.
RESULTS: A total of 282 participants, the mean age was 43.3±12.4 years. The frequency of having a PAP-smear test was 113 (41.9%). The barriers subscale scores of the participants who had not been tested for cervical cancer were higher than those who had been tested (39.0±10.5 vs. 34.2±7.9, p=0.002).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our study, the PAP-smear test rate was low, but this rate was higher in women with high education levels. It is expected that mortality and morbidity will decrease while avoiding barriers with the help of trainings to increase the level of knowledge and awareness.

INTRODUCTION: It was aimed to determine the awareness and approaches of people who make up the target group of national cancer screening programs in Rize, Türkiye.
METHODS: This observational study was carried out in community health centers and family health centers be-tween January 15, and November 15, 2020, in Rize. A survey questioning their demographics, awareness, and approaches about breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screenings was applied to women aged 20–70 and men aged 50–70 who volunteered to participate in the study.
RESULTS: The numbers of participants who knew about breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examina-tion (CBE), mammography, Pap smear test, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), and colonoscopy were found to be 216 (87.4%), 190 (76.9%), 139 (94.6%), 184 (92.0%), 156 (73.9%), and 104 (49.3%), respectively. Family physicians were the most common source of information for all cancer screen-ings except BSE. The numbers of participants who perform BSE, CBE, mammography, Pap smear test, FOBT, and colonoscopy at the recommended frequency were found to be 71 (28.7%), 51 (20.6%), 61 (41.5%), 81 (40.5%), 46 (21.8%), and 13 (6.2%), respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study has shown that it is important to inform people more comprehensively about cancer screening and to take encouraging measures.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have numerous extraintestinal manifestations, and ocular manifestations are one of the most common. Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a rare and serious extraintestinal manifestation. This case report presents a 53-year-old female patient with steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis who arrived at the emergency eye clinic with a 1-month history of blurred vision in her left eye. An initial fundus examination revealed a massive CRVO. Treatment with an intravitreal application of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy with bevacizumab was started 7 months after the diagnosis. After 5 years of follow-up, no satisfactory treatment success was achieved. CRVO is a rare but very serious extraintestinal manifestation of IBD. An interdisciplinary approach is crucial for early diagnosis and the early start of treatment for a better outcome.

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS) is a rare syndrome that is generally seen in adolescents and young adults. In this case, a 22-year-old female patient applied to the outpatient clinic with complaints of persistent nausea and vomiting. After evaluation of the physical and laboratory findings of the patient, contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography was requested. The findings were considered as SMAS and the patient was referred to the gastroenterology clinic.

In this case report, a case of purple-colored urine in a geriatric patient who presented to the emergency department with confusion related to urinary system infection was presented. Although this urine color abnormality has a good prognosis, it can sometimes be an early indicator of patient mortality.

Substance abuse by parents inflicts enduring emotional wounds on their children, with repercussions stretching across family, society, and individual well-being. The profound impact of parental substance abuse on children manifests primarily as aggression but conceals a spectrum of potential behavioral disorders. Factors contributing to this aggression include neglect, strained mother-child relationships, impaired parenting, family conflicts, stress, physical abuse, and poor ego development. If these emotional struggles are not addressed, they can potentially lead to delinquent behavior, conduct disorders, and substance abuse in the future. To mitigate mental health risks in children and adolescents, preventive measures should be implemented. These measures include educating parents, providing family therapy, developing healthy coping mechanisms, offering school-based mental health services, and promoting open communication. Addressing these vulnerable children’s intricate emotional challenges and ensuring their emotional well-being and future success require a collaborative effort involving parents, educators, society, and government working together in coordination.